Terms & Conditions

South West Aerial Surveys Ltd t/a InViewAssets

Terms & Conditions – Version 2.2

If you’re purchasing a product or service from us – you’re buying from:

South West Aerial Surveys Ltd (SWAS)

Registered company address: Hillside House, Langley Marsh, Wiveliscombe, Taunton.

Company number: 12498456

Website: www.inviewassets.co.uk

Email: info@inviewassets.co.uk

The Supplier is South West Aerial Surveys Ltd t/a InView Assets, Hillside House, Langley Marsh, Wiveliscombe, Taunton. Company number: 12498456
The Customer is the party or any person acting on behalf of and with the authority of the Customer that the Order is provided for.
The Guarantor is the person(s), or entity, who agrees to be liable for the debts of the Customer.
The Order shall be defined as any request for the provision of Goods and/or Services by the Customer with the Supplier which has been accepted by the Supplier.
The Goods are the photos, videos, maps, point clouds, 3D models and/or related data provided by the Supplier.
The Services are all the delivery and/or supply of Goods, photography, videography, laser scanning, surveying, production, development, promotion and/or related services done by the Supplier, including any advice or recommendations.
The Premises are the land or land and buildings where the Services are to be carried out.
The Price is the amount invoiced for Goods supplied and/or Services provided.
Data means all images, photographs, videos, point clouds, measurements, coordinates, 3D models, and any other information captured or generated during Services.
Deliverables means the specific data products provided to the Customer as specified in the Order, being processed versions of the raw Data captured by SWAS. Deliverables may include (but are not limited to) processed imagery, orthomosaics, point clouds, 3D models, CAD drawings, BIM models, and associated reports, but specifically excludes the raw capture data and original unprocessed images and sensor data which remain the exclusive property of SWAS.
Advisory Services are optional consultative services provided by the Supplier offering technical interpretation, observations, and general guidance regarding 3D models, point clouds, digital twins, and survey data. Advisory Services are informational only and do not constitute recommendations or professional advice.
Indirect, Special or Consequential loss or damage includes i) any loss of income profit or business; ii) any loss of good will or reputation; iii) any loss of value of intellectual property.
Invoices include invoices for Good supplied or for Services provided, or both.

Provision of Services

These terms and conditions (“Conditions”) may only be varied with the written agreement of South West Aerial Surveys Limited (“SWAS”) and shall apply to all contracts for the supply of services by SWAS to a customer employing such services from time to time (“You”,”Your”) to the exclusion of all other terms and conditions including any terms and conditions which You may purport to apply under any document whatsoever. SWAS incorporates the InView™ traded services also.

These Conditions apply to every order or instruction received from You (or someone SWAS may reasonably believe has authority to bind You) whether such order is express or implied, written or oral and the contract between SWAS and You will be deemed to commence at such time as an order or instruction is received. SWAS is under no obligation to allow Your employees to witness the services being carried out.

Invoicing and Payment Terms

Price and Quotations: The price (“Price”, “in writing”) shall be the amount quoted to You by SWAS to provide services and in the event of dispute the Price shall be determined by reference to SWAS’s standard price tariff which is available upon request. Any quotation is valid for 30 days from its date unless otherwise stated, but SWAS may withdraw it at any time before acceptance.

Payment Terms: SWAS’s standard payment terms are that payment of the Price shall be made within 30 days of receipt of a valid invoice. Time for payment is of the essence. Payment shall be made in GBP (£) sterling and cheques, drafts or other payment instructions should be drawn on a bank trading in the UK.

Late Payment Interest: All sums due from You to SWAS which are not paid on the due date shall bear interest at the rate of 8% per annum above the Bank of England base rate from time to time. Interest shall accrue daily from the due date until actual payment (whether before or after judgment) and shall be compounded quarterly. This is in addition to SWAS’s right to suspend Services for non-payment.

Advance Payment: Notwithstanding the provisions above, SWAS reserves the right at its sole absolute discretion to request payment of all or part of the Price prior to the commencement of the services in circumstances where a customer either has an insufficient credit history or rating or has a poor payment history with SWAS.

Deliverable Release Payment: For projects with a total value exceeding £5,000 (excluding VAT), SWAS reserves the right to require payment in full prior to the release of final Deliverables. In such cases, SWAS may provide sample outputs or preview materials to confirm quality and specification but shall retain all final processed Deliverables until payment has been received. This is in addition to SWAS’s rights under the Retention of Title clause below.

Interim Invoicing: For projects exceeding one month duration or £10,000 in value, SWAS may issue interim invoices on a monthly basis or upon completion of defined project milestones. Each interim invoice shall be payable within 30 days of its date.

Price Variations: If the scope or nature of the Services changes (whether due to incomplete or inaccurate information provided by You, Client Default, or otherwise), SWAS may adjust the Price to reflect the changed requirements. SWAS shall notify You of any proposed price adjustment and provide justification. If You do not agree to the adjusted Price, SWAS may elect to terminate the Contract without liability. Any additional services requested beyond the original scope will be charged at SWAS’s prevailing rates.

Additional Costs: You agree to pay any additional costs or expenses incurred by SWAS due to difficulty by SWAS or its agents or employees in gaining access to Your site or in carrying out services. This difficulty may be caused by a failure on your part (in the reasonable opinion of SWAS) to provide satisfactory information or assistance (which would be required by SWAS to carry out services adequately).

Suspension for Non-Payment: SWAS reserves the right to suspend performance of Services if any invoice remains unpaid beyond its due date, until all outstanding amounts are paid in full.

Retention of Title: Title and ownership of all Deliverables (including physical media and digital files provided) shall remain vested in SWAS until payment in full of all amounts due under the Contract. Until such payment, the Customer holds Deliverables as bailee only. SWAS reserves the right to disable access to online deliverables or demand return of physical media if payment is not made by the due date.

Customer Warranties and Permissions

Permissions: You warrant that You have obtained all necessary permissions for aerial data capture over the Premises and that the Services will not infringe third-party rights. You agree to indemnify SWAS against any claims arising from lack of proper permissions or rights to authorise the Services.

Information Accuracy: You warrant that all information provided to SWAS is accurate and complete, and that You have disclosed any known flight restrictions, safety hazards, or other factors that may affect the provision of Services.

Site Preparation and Access: You shall:

Provide timely, accurate and complete information and instructions
Ensure all necessary permissions, licenses and consents are obtained for access to the Premises
Ensure the Premises are safe and suitable for SWAS personnel and equipment
Provide reasonable access to the Premises and any facilities required
Inform SWAS of all health and safety rules, security requirements and site-specific hazards
Cooperate with SWAS in all matters relating to the Services

Client Default: If SWAS’s performance is prevented or delayed by any act or omission by You, or Your failure to perform any relevant obligation (“Client Default”):

SWAS may suspend performance of the Services until You remedy the Client Default
SWAS shall not be liable for any costs or losses arising from such delay or failure
You shall reimburse SWAS on demand for any costs or losses incurred as a result of the Client Default
SWAS may charge additional fees to reflect increased costs arising from the Client Default
Time for performance shall be extended by a period equivalent to the delay

Cancellation and termination

Cancellation by SWAS: SWAS can cancel or terminate this contract at any time, for any reason by giving written (including email, WhatsApp or SMS) or oral notice (including answer phone, voicemail messages), which shall be effective immediately.

Consumer Cancellation Rights: If You are a consumer (defined in the Consumer Contracts Regulations 2013 (the “CCR”) as “an individual acting for purposes which are wholly or mainly outside that individual’s trade, business, craft or profession”) then You shall have a legal right to change your mind about receiving the services envisaged under this contract under the provisions of the CCR, provided that such cancellation is made within 14 days of the date of this contract.

By accepting these terms and conditions You expressly consent to SWAS commencing the services even if the 14-day cancellation period has not expired, which will affect your ability to change your mind and obtain a refund. If any of the services have been provided prior to the date of cancellation then You will be responsible for paying to SWAS a pro-rata amount of the Price in proportion to the amount of the services provided by comparison to the full scope of the services.

Cancellation by Customer (Non-Consumer): After the end of the 14-day consumer cancellation period (or immediately if You are not a consumer), You may cancel the Contract by giving SWAS written notice. If You cancel:

Before SWAS commences the Services: No cancellation charge applies
After SWAS has commenced the Services: You shall pay:

The full Price for all Services completed up to the date of cancellation; plus
All reasonable costs incurred by SWAS in preparation for or in connection with the Services; plus
25% of the Price for any Services not yet performed (representing SWAS’s loss of profit and commitment of resources)

Late Cancellation: Cancellation of the contract (capture date) within 24 hours of the due start time for the provision of services will result in You being liable for 100% of the Price.

Termination by SWAS: SWAS may terminate the Contract immediately by written notice if:

You fail to pay any amount due by the due date and remain in default for 7 days after being notified
You commit a material breach of any term of the Contract and (if remediable) fail to remedy it within 14 days of written notice
You become subject to any insolvency event or procedure
You are in breach of any other contract with SWAS

Payment on Termination: All amounts outstanding become immediately due and payable upon termination or completion of the Contract.

Liability and Indemnity

Exclusions and Limitations: Except in the case of personal injury (including death) caused by the negligent or wilful act or omission of SWAS, SWAS excludes liability to You however arising from the performance or purported performance of the services or any term under these Conditions. In the event of any breach or breaches by SWAS, SWAS shall not be liable to You in respect of:

Loss of profits, sales, business, or revenue
Business interruption or loss of business opportunity
Loss of anticipated savings
Loss or corruption of data or information
Loss of goodwill or reputation
Any indirect, special or consequential loss or damage

Liability Cap: SWAS’s total liability under these Conditions (except for personal injury or death caused by negligence, fraud or fraudulent misrepresentation, or any other liability that cannot be excluded by law) shall not exceed the greater of:

£50,000 (fifty thousand pounds); or
150% of the Price paid or payable for the specific Services giving rise to the claim

Accuracy Limitations: SWAS shall not be liable for any inaccuracy in Deliverables beyond any specified tolerance, scale or accuracy stated in the Order / Accuracy Report, or for any consequences arising from use of Deliverables for purposes other than those stated in the Contract.

Time Limit for Claims: You must notify SWAS of any claim within 6 months of becoming aware (or reasonably ought to have become aware) of the circumstances giving rise to it, failing which your right to make such claim shall be time-barred.

Intellectual Property Indemnity: Each party (the “indemnifier”) shall indemnify and keep indemnified the other party (the “recipient”) against, and hold it harmless from, all claims, liabilities, costs (including reasonable legal fees and disbursements) expenses, demands or damages brought or made against or incurred by the recipient pursuant to any claim by a third party that any intellectual property, information, material and/or data supplied by or on behalf of the indemnifier and used or processed by the recipient or any of its sub-contractors in connection with the Contract infringes the intellectual property of any third party.

Customer Acknowledgement of Data Usage Rights

The Customer acknowledges and agrees that:

SWAS retains full ownership of all copyright and intellectual property rights in all images, photographs, videos, laser scan data, and other Data captured during the provision of Services.
No assignment of copyright or ownership of any captured Data is granted to the Customer under this Agreement.
SWAS has the unrestricted right to use, license, and commercialise all captured Data for any lawful purpose, including but not limited to:
1. Commercial licensing to third parties
2. Sale or licensing of datasets for artificial intelligence training
3. Machine learning applications and algorithm development
4. Integration into commercial databases and data products
5. Research, development, and technical advancement
This data usage applies to all Data captured, including images of the Customer’s property, premises, and assets, regardless of whether such property is private, confidential, or commercially sensitive.
Where the Customer has specific security, confidentiality, or commercial concerns regarding unrestricted third-party licensing of captured Data, the Customer must notify SWAS in writing BEFORE Services commence to discuss alternative arrangements. Restricted licensing options (preventing third-party commercial licensing and AI dataset inclusion) are available. Standard Services include unrestricted commercial data usage rights as outlined above.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Ownership: All photographs, images, videos, point clouds, laser scan data, and any other Data captured by SWAS or any employee, agent or sub-contractor of SWAS in the course of supplying the Services are original works protected by copyright which is owned exclusively by SWAS. The Customer acknowledges that no assignment of copyright or ownership of any captured Data or intellectual property is granted to the Customer under this Agreement.

SWAS Intellectual Property: All intellectual property created or developed by SWAS or any employee, agent or sub-contractor of SWAS in the course of supplying the Services shall remain vested in SWAS. All other intellectual property owned or developed by SWAS non-exclusively for You and used in the course of supplying the Services shall belong to SWAS at all times. This includes but is not limited to:

All raw capture data (original photographs, video footage, laser scan data, sensor readings)
Processed data and outputs (orthomosaics, point clouds, 3D models)
Processing methodologies, algorithms, and workflows
Metadata, geolocation data, and technical parameters embedded in files

Customer Intellectual Property: All intellectual property created or developed by You shall, for the avoidance of doubt, remain vested in You.

Copyright Notices and Metadata: All copyright notices, metadata, and proprietary markings embedded in digital files or displayed on Deliverables are the property of SWAS and must not be removed, obscured, or altered by the Customer or any third party. The Customer shall ensure that any third parties who receive Deliverables are made aware of and comply with this requirement.

License to Customer: Subject to payment in full of all amounts due under the Contract, SWAS grants to You a worldwide, non-exclusive, perpetual, royalty-free license to use the agreed Deliverables for your internal business purposes related to the project for which they were created. This license includes the right to:

View, display, and reproduce the Deliverables internally
Share Deliverables with professional advisors, contractors, and consultants working on the specific project
Incorporate Deliverables into internal reports and project documentation

This license is non-transferable without SWAS’s prior written consent and does not include the right to:

Commercially license, sell, or distribute the Deliverables to third parties
Use the Deliverables for projects or purposes other than those specified in the Order
Remove or obscure copyright notices or proprietary markings
Create derivative datasets for commercial licensing

Third Party Sharing: If You require the ability to share Deliverables with third parties beyond professional advisors or contractors working on the specific project, or to use Deliverables for additional projects or commercial purposes, You must obtain SWAS’s prior written consent. SWAS may grant extended usage rights which may be subject to additional licensing fees.

Data Utilisation Rights: SWAS retains comprehensive and unrestricted rights to use all captured images, raw data, and processed outputs for any lawful purpose including but not limited to:

Research, development, and technical advancement
Creation of derivative works and datasets
Commercial licensing to third parties (including AI training datasets, machine learning applications, and industry analytics)
Marketing, promotional activities, and case studies
Incorporation into databases, libraries, or commercial data products
Industry analytics and benchmarking

The Customer acknowledges and expressly consents to this usage, including potential third-party commercial licensing of Data and processed outputs. Where images contain identifiable property features, SWAS will implement appropriate measures to protect privacy in accordance with applicable data protection laws when commercially licensing such data to third parties.

Raw Data Retention: SWAS retains exclusive ownership of all raw capture data. Raw capture data is not included in Deliverables provided to the Customer and remains the property of SWAS for its unrestricted commercial use, archival, and future processing purposes.

Confidential Information Captured: Where SWAS inadvertently captures images containing the Customer’s genuinely confidential information (such as proprietary processes, security-sensitive features, or trade secrets), and the Customer notifies SWAS in writing within 14 days of delivery identifying the specific confidential elements, SWAS will:

Redact or blur such elements before third-party commercial licensing
Exclude such specific Data from AI training datasets where reasonably practicable

This obligation does not apply to general imagery of buildings, structures, or landscapes which do not contain specific confidential processes or information. The Customer must identify confidential concerns BEFORE Services commence where possible.

DATA PROTECTION

Personal Data Processing: SWAS processes personal data in accordance with UK GDPR and Data Protection Act 2018. Where aerial imagery may capture personal data (including individuals, vehicles, or property information), SWAS acts as:

Data controller for its own commercial purposes (including data licensing and AI training
(ii) Data processor when providing Services to Customers

Legal Basis: SWAS’s commercial use of captured Data relies on legitimate interests (advancing surveying technology, commercial innovation, and industry development) balanced against individual privacy rights. SWAS implements appropriate safeguards including:

Anonymization of Data where practicable before third-party licensing
Privacy-preserving measures for identifiable features in commercially licensed datasets –

For security-sensitive organisations with concerns regarding commercial data licensing, the Customer must notify SWAS before Services commence to discuss data protection impact assessments and alternative licensing arrangements.

High-Risk Processing: Where Services involve capture of data from security-sensitive sites (e.g., critical national infrastructure, airports, defence installations, utilities, government facilities) and the Customer represents an organisation with security or data protection concerns, SWAS will conduct a Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) and offer restricted licensing arrangements subject to an agreed price premium noted in the Customer Acknowledgement section.

Customer Warranties: The Customer warrants they have obtained necessary permissions for data capture where required and have lawful basis for SWAS to capture images of any property, premises, or areas included in the Services.

Privacy Rights: Individuals captured in imagery may have rights under data protection law. SWAS’s Privacy Policy provides full details of data processing activities and individual rights.

Data Retention: SWAS retains captured Data indefinitely for commercial purposes, quality assurance, and archive purposes as permitted by law.

DELIVERY AND ACCEPTANCE

Standard Deliverables: Unless otherwise agreed, standard deliverables include high-resolution imagery, point clouds, 3D models, or other data outputs in agreed formats and specifications as outlined in the Order. Any requests for alternative formats, additional processing, or enhanced specifications may incur additional charges at SWAS’s standard rates.

Delivery Timeline: Standard delivery of processed 3D outputs is within 10 business days of successful data capture, subject to weather delays and processing requirements. Other deliverables including 2D CAD, 3D BIM will be agreed as part of the project. Typically these are available 14-28 days post data capture.

Acceptance: Goods are deemed accepted 7 days after delivery unless You notify SWAS in writing of specific defects within that period. Any requests for re-processing or additional outputs beyond the agreed specification may incur additional charges.

Disputes: In the absence of You disputing any invoice from SWAS or the Services the invoice relates to within 14 days of its date, the invoice and those Services shall be deemed to be accepted by You. If You raise any claim concerning the Services within this period, SWAS shall be afforded at least 14 days to seek to remedy the defects and/or deficiencies complained of.

3D MODEL ADVISORY SERVICES

Service Description: SWAS may offer optional advisory services (“Advisory Services”) as an add-on to standard capture and processing deliverables. These Advisory Services provide expert consultation on 3D models, point clouds, digital twins, and related survey outputs, including but not limited to:

Technical interpretation of captured data and model characteristics
Observations regarding data quality, completeness, and limitations
Discussion of potential applications or use cases for the data
Technical guidance on model formats, specifications, and compatibility
Identification of visible features, anomalies, or characteristics within the data
General industry knowledge and technical context relevant to the deliverables.

Nature of Advisory Services: Advisory Services are consultative and informational in nature only. SWAS provides expert observations, technical interpretation, and industry knowledge based on experience in surveying, photogrammetry, laser scanning, and digital data capture. However:

Advisory Services do NOT constitute recommendations, professional advice, or decision-making guidance
SWAS does NOT recommend specific courses of action, endorse particular solutions, or advise on business, operational, or strategic decisions
All interpretations, observations, and technical guidance are provided for informational purposes only.

Customer Responsibility for Decision-Making: The Customer acknowledges and accepts sole responsibility for:

All decisions made based on information provided through Advisory Services
Verification of any observations or interpretations through independent professional assessment where appropriate
Engaging appropriately qualified professionals (structural engineers, architects, quantity surveyors, etc.) for formal professional advice, design decisions, or regulatory compliance matters
Determining the suitability and application of any information provided through Advisory Services.

Scope Limitations: Advisory Services are strictly limited to technical observations about the captured data and models themselves. SWAS does NOT provide:

Structural engineering assessments or building safety certifications
Architectural design recommendations or planning advice
Quantity surveying, cost estimation, or procurement guidance
Regulatory compliance certification or approval
Legal, financial, or commercial advice
Fitness-for-purpose assessments for specific applications beyond general technical suitability
Guarantees regarding outcomes from using the data in any particular manner.

Liability Exclusion for Advisory Services: In addition to all other liability limitations in these Terms & Conditions, SWAS specifically excludes all liability arising from:

Decisions made by the Customer based on information provided through Advisory Services
Use or application of observations, interpretations, or technical guidance for purposes beyond general informational context
Reliance on Advisory Services as a substitute for professional advice from appropriately qualified specialists (engineers, architects, surveyors, etc.)
Any outcomes, costs, losses, or consequences resulting from actions taken by the Customer in response to information provided through Advisory Services

The Customer acknowledges that Advisory Services represent SWAS’s technical observations and interpretations only, and that formal professional advice from regulated professionals should be obtained for any decisions with legal, financial, safety, or regulatory implications.

Additional Fees: Advisory Services are provided as an optional add-on service for Customers requiring additional technical consultation beyond standard deliverables. Advisory Services are charged separately at SWAS’s prevailing hourly consultancy rates or as agreed project fees, and are subject to separate quotation and agreement.

SITE ACCESS AND REGULATORY COMPLIANCE

The member of staff working on behalf of SWAS shall not be liable, and reserves the right to defer the date of delivery or to cancel the Contract or reduce the Services, if it is prevented from or delayed in the carrying on of its business due to circumstances beyond its reasonable control including, without limitation, unable to gain access to a site or the site is deemed unsafe to access.

Regulatory Compliance: All flights are conducted in accordance with Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) regulations. SWAS reserves the right to postpone or cancel flights due to airspace restrictions, NOTAM requirements, or other regulatory constraints. Customers must disclose any known flight restrictions affecting the premises prior to scheduled flights.

Safety: SWAS shall comply with all applicable health and safety legislation. SWAS shall provide its personnel with standard safety equipment (hard hats, high-visibility clothing, safety footwear, etc.). although in some circumstances it will be unnecessary to wear / use PPE. You must inform SWAS of any site-specific hazards, safety requirements, or specialist safety equipment needed beyond standard PPE. SWAS reserves the right to refuse or suspend work if conditions are reasonably believed to be unsafe, without liability to You

Impacts of Weather

SWAS will not collect aerial data or imagery if the weather is deemed to be hazardous for the safe operation of the flight or not suitable for the required activity. This can include (but not limited to) wind, fog, precipitation, thunderstorms, turbulence risk, extremes of temperature, clouds and glare. We will communicate to customers on an individual basis potential weather hazards and if necessary, postpone or offer alternative dates. In some instances, it may be necessary to charge a “mobilisation fee”, if the client requires data to be captured on specific days or dates. This will reflect the costs incurred for staff travel, planning and accommodation if required.

Assignment and Sub-contracting

You shall not assign the benefit or burden of these Conditions or any part of them without SWAS’s prior written consent. SWAS may transfer, assign or subcontract all or any rights and obligations under these Conditions. SWAS shall be free to subcontract or otherwise deal with the whole or any part of the Services. Where any Services are supplied by a sub-contractor, SWAS shall be wholly responsible for the acts and omissions of such sub-contractor as though they were its own acts and omissions

Insurance

SWAS shall hold or effect policies in respect of public liability insurance in a sum not less than £5 million. Details of insurance coverage are available on request.

Precision and Accuracy of Delivered Outputs

General Principles

No liability for precision shall extend beyond the specified accuracy band, scale, or technical specification stated in the Order confirmation, quotation, or Accuracy Report provided for the specific project. All accuracy specifications conform to RICS professional standards for measured surveys of land, buildings and utilities (3rd edition).

SWAS shall specify the appropriate accuracy band and methodology for each project based on the capture technology deployed and the intended application of the Deliverables. This will form part of the quotation or estimate. The Customer is responsible for ensuring the specified accuracy band is suitable for their intended use (based on the quotation) and must notify SWAS before Services commence if higher accuracy is required.

Technology-Specific Accuracy Specifications

The accuracy achievable depends fundamentally on the capture technology deployed. SWAS utilizes the following technologies, each with distinct accuracy characteristics:

A) Drone Photogrammetry (UAV-based imagery capture)

Typical Accuracy Achievement:

With Ground Control Points (GCPs) and RTK/PPK: RICS Band D (±10mm standard deviation relative accuracy) achievable with appropriate GCP distribution and verification
Conservative/Standard Specification: RICS Band E (±25mm standard deviation) for general project planning and design applications
Without GCPs (RTK/PPK only): RICS Band E-F (±25-50mm standard deviation) depending on flight parameters and environmental conditions
Absolute Georeferencing Accuracy: Limited by RTK GPS reference accuracy, typically ±20-30mm horizontally, ±30-50mm vertically

Technical Parameters:

Ground Sampling Distance (GSD): Typically, 5-20mm per pixel depending on flight altitude and camera specifications
GSD defines the spatial resolution and is the distance between two consecutive pixel centres measured on the ground
Measurement precision between adjacent features within 100m (relative accuracy) is typically superior to absolute georeferencing accuracy

Ground Sampling Distance and Drawing Suitability

GSD directly governs the minimum feature size reliably detectable in processed outputs and defines the maximum drawing scale appropriate for any given survey. The following relationships apply:

GSD 5–10mm (flight altitude typically 30–50m AGL): Suitable for engineering drawing production at 1:100 to 1:200 scale. Sufficient for detailed site surveys, drainage, kerb alignment, threshold levels, and feature extraction requiring ±10–15mm planimetric resolution. Typical application where engineering drawing accuracy is the primary deliverable.
GSD 10–15mm (flight altitude typically 40–80m AGL): Suitable for topographic survey drawing production at 1:200 to 1:500 scale. Appropriate for general site surveys, planning applications, infrastructure assessment, and topo surveys requiring ±20–30mm accuracy.
GSD 15–25mm (flight altitude typically 80–120m AGL): Suitable for mapping and survey drawings at 1:500 to 1:1000 scale. Appropriate for general topographic mapping, site context surveys, and asset management applications where engineering-grade drawing accuracy is not required.

SWAS can confirm the target GSD and corresponding drawing suitability within the project quotation. Where the Customer requires a specific drawing scale or output accuracy standard, this must be specified at the time of order so that the appropriate flight altitude and camera configuration can be planned accordingly. The achievable GSD is dependent on camera specifications, flight altitude, and applicable airspace restrictions and may not always achieve the target GSD if site constraints, regulatory restrictions, or safety considerations prevent flight at the required altitude.

Methodology:

Accuracy is established through systematic approaches including:

Ground Control Points (GCPs) surveyed to centimetre-level precision using RTK GPS where specified
Independent check point verification providing primary accuracy validation
Comprehensive quality reporting through professional photogrammetry platforms
Multi-image overlap (typically 75-85% front/side overlap) for robust point reconstruction

Limitations:

Accuracy dependent on atmospheric conditions, lighting, surface texture, and environmental factors
Vegetated or reflective surfaces may have reduced accuracy
Vertical surfaces and overhangs have inherently lower accuracy than horizontal surfaces
Overall georeferencing RMSE reported by processing software represents conservative mathematical uncertainty estimates and may exceed demonstrated check point accuracy due to network complexity and statistical modelling approaches

B) Terrestrial Laser Scanning (Trimble X7/X9, Leica RTC360, or equivalent)

Typical Accuracy Achievement:

Single Scan Precision: ±1-3mm at ranges up to 40m (manufacturer specification typically ±2mm at 40m for Trimble X7)
Multi-Scan Registration: RICS Band C (±5-10mm standard deviation) when combining multiple scan positions with appropriate control network
Conservative Specification: RICS Band C (±10mm standard deviation) for as-built verification, structural monitoring, and detailed design
Optimal Conditions: RICS Band B (±5mm standard deviation) achievable for smaller sites with robust control and optimal scan coverage
Absolute Georeferencing: ±10-20mm when tied to surveyed control points, limited by control survey accuracy

Technical Parameters:

Point accuracy: Individual point measurements accurate to ±1-3mm at typical working ranges (10-40m)
Point density: Typically 3-12mm point spacing at 10m range, adjustable based on project requirements
Range: Effective to 80m+ depending on target reflectivity
Registration accuracy between scans: ±2-6mm depending on overlap quality and target distribution

Methodology:

Scan network designed for complete coverage with 30-50% overlap between adjacent scans
Automatic or target-based registration using reflective targets or cloud-to-cloud alignment
Registration quality verified through software statistical analysis and closure error assessment
Georeferencing via surveyed control points where absolute coordinates required

Limitations:

Accuracy decreases with range – specifications assume typical working ranges of 10-40m
Scan shadows/occlusions require multiple scan positions, each introducing minor registration uncertainties
Highly reflective, transparent, or black surfaces may have reduced point accuracy
Moving objects during scanning create artifacts
External environmental factors (vibration, temperature gradients, atmospheric conditions) can impact precision

C) Matterport 360° Camera Systems (Pro2, Pro3, or equivalent)

Typical Accuracy Achievement:

Indicative Measurements: ±10-50mm depending on range, surface characteristics, and calibration quality
RICS Classification: Generally RICS Band F (±50mm) or beyond – NOT suitable for precision survey applications
Spatial Context Accuracy: Dimensional relationships and room proportions typically within 1-2% of actual dimensions
Effective Range: Most accurate within 2-7m from camera positions, degrading significantly beyond 10m

Technical Parameters:

Point cloud density: Lower density than laser scanning, optimized for visual representation rather than measurement
Measurement methodology: Derived from infrared depth sensors and visual imagery rather than direct laser ranging
Spatial accuracy varies significantly across the capture volume

Appropriate Applications:

Virtual tour creation and property visualisation
Spatial context and general dimensional awareness, e.g. floor plans
Marketing and client presentation purposes
Preliminary site assessment and access planning
Indicative measurements for rough estimating only

NOT Suitable For:

Precision engineering or construction measurements
Compliance verification against dimensional tolerances
As-built verification for manufacturing or fabrication
Structural monitoring or deformation analysis
Any application requiring RICS Band E or better accuracy

Limitations:

Matterport systems are NOT survey-grade instruments
Measurements extracted from Matterport models should be treated as approximate/indicative only
Accuracy highly dependent on: room size, surface reflectivity, lighting conditions, and scan position density
Systematic measurement errors may occur in large spaces or with long measurement distances
SWAS recommends laser scanning or drone photogrammetry where dimensional accuracy is critical to project success

D) Measured Building Surveys (Combined Drone Photogrammetry and Terrestrial Laser Scanning)

For comprehensive measured building surveys requiring both roof/site coverage and detailed building elevations, SWAS combines aerial drone photogrammetry with terrestrial laser scanning to produce unified point cloud datasets. Individual point clouds from each capture technology are registered and merged using professional point cloud processing software (such as CloudCompare) and delivered as a single consolidated .rcp file (Autodesk ReCap) for direct use in BIM modelling and CAD drawing workflows.

Typical Accuracy Achievement:

Combined Dataset Accuracy: RICS Band D (±10mm standard deviation) to Band E (±25mm standard deviation) depending on capture methodology, GCP distribution, and scan registration quality
Laser Scan Component: RICS Band C (±5–10mm standard deviation) for interior and accessible exterior surfaces
Drone Photogrammetry Component: RICS Band D–E (±10–25mm standard deviation) for roofs, upper elevations, and areas inaccessible to terrestrial scanners
Point Cloud Precision (internal consistency): Typically, 5–10mm for well-covered surfaces, suitable for as-built BIM modelling up to LOD 300. LOD 200 provides general building geometry for early-stage design; LOD 300 provides accurately modelled individual architectural elements suitable for detailed design, refurbishment, and retrofit projects. Higher levels of detail (LOD 350+) may require additional intrusive investigation beyond point cloud data.
Overall combined dataset accuracy is governed by the weaker component and the quality of registration between datasets

Methodology:

Aerial drone photogrammetry captures nadir (overhead) and oblique (angled) imagery of the building and surrounding site using RTK-enabled multi-rotor aircraft and professional mapping cameras
Terrestrial laser scanning captures high-precision point cloud data of accessible building facades, interiors, and ground-level detail
Both datasets are processed independently to produce georeferenced point clouds in a common coordinate system (typically OSGB36 / British National Grid)
Point clouds are registered and merged using professional software (CloudCompare, Autodesk ReCap, or equivalent) with Iterative Closest Point (ICP) alignment where necessary to refine the fit between overlapping datasets
The consolidated point cloud is exported in .las or .e57 format and converted to .rcp (Autodesk ReCap Project) for direct linking into Autodesk Revit or equivalent BIM authoring software
Ground Control Points (GCPs) surveyed by GNSS RTK provide common reference for both datasets, with independent check points used to verify accuracy

Deliverables:

Consolidated RGB point cloud in .rcp format (Autodesk ReCap) for direct use in Revit, AutoCAD, and other BIM/CAD platforms
Individual source point clouds in .las or .e57 format available on request
Accuracy report documenting GCP and check point residuals, registration quality metrics, and RICS band classification for the combined dataset

Appropriate Applications:

As-built BIM modelling (LOD 200–300) for existing buildings
Architectural measured building surveys including elevations, sections, and floor plans
Refurbishment, extension, and retrofit design requiring comprehensive existing-condition data
Heritage recording and conservation where full external and roof coverage is required
Facade condition surveys and defect mapping

Limitations:

Photogrammetry-derived point clouds are inherently noisier than laser scan data, particularly on hard edges and fine architectural detail. Point cloud density and precision may vary across the model depending on image overlap and viewing geometry
Registration between drone and laser scan datasets introduces additional uncertainty at the merge boundaries. SWAS minimises this through common coordinate systems and ICP refinement, but minor discontinuities may be visible in overlap zones
Accuracy of the combined dataset is governed by the weaker component. Areas covered only by drone photogrammetry (typically roofs and upper elevations) will have lower precision than areas captured by terrestrial laser scanning
The Customer and any third-party BIM modeller should be aware that point cloud noise levels differ between laser scan and photogrammetry regions of the combined dataset, and should adjust modelling tolerances accordingly
File sizes for combined point clouds can be substantial (typically 5–20GB+ depending on site size and density settings). The Customer must ensure adequate storage and computing capability for working with large point cloud datasets in BIM software

Accuracy Verification and Quality Assurance

Independent Check Point Validation: For drone photogrammetry and laser scanning projects where accuracy specifications are critical, SWAS conducts independent check point verification. Check points are surveyed points NOT used in model georeferencing or scan registration, representing true independent validation of real-world survey performance throughout the project area.

Quality Reporting: SWAS provides, on client request, Accuracy Reports for projects requiring verified performance, documenting:

Capture methodology and equipment specifications
RICS accuracy band achieved based on check point analysis
Statistical accuracy metrics (RMSE, standard deviation, maximum errors)
Software quality indicators and registration/georeferencing statistics
Limitations and caveats specific to the project

Multi-Software Validation: Where project requirements warrant additional verification, SWAS may process data through multiple software platforms to cross-validate accuracy and ensure consistency of results.

Limiting Factors and Professional Standards

GNSS/RTK Surveying Limitations: Our outputs achieve high internal precision (relative accuracy between adjacent features), with absolute accuracy specifications limited by RTK GNSS reference accuracy of ±10-30mm horizontally and ±15-50mm vertically, influenced by:

Quality of NTRIP network correction service (VRS/RTK network coverage and mobile data connectivity)
Atmospheric conditions and ionospheric activity
Satellite geometry and multipath conditions
Local site obstructions affecting GNSS signal reception

Photogrammetry Process Limitations: Photogrammetric reconstruction accuracy depends on:

Image overlap, resolution, and lighting quality
Surface texture and feature identifiability
GCP distribution and survey accuracy
Processing parameters and software algorithms
Camera calibration quality

Environmental Factors: Factors beyond SWAS’s control that can impact accuracy include:

Atmospheric conditions (haze, humidity, temperature gradients)
Lighting conditions (shadows, high contrast, low light)
Surface characteristics (reflectivity, transparency, texture)
Site-specific challenges (access limitations, safety constraints, electromagnetic interference)
Weather conditions (wind affecting drone stability, rain affecting laser ranging)

Professional Compliance: SWAS maintains professional standards through:

RICS-approved data collection workflows and methodologies
Equipment calibration and verification procedures
Systematic quality assurance and validation processes
Ongoing professional development and technical training
Adherence to manufacturer specifications and best practice guidelines

Liability Limitations

Accuracy Liability: No liability for accuracy extends beyond:

The RICS accuracy band specified in the Order confirmation or Accuracy Report
Measurements and verification of GCPs, Check Points, and/or control surveys
Software quality reports and statistical metrics provided with Deliverables
The technical capabilities of the specified capture technology as outlined above

Customer Responsibilities: The Customer must:

Specify accuracy requirements appropriate to their intended application BEFORE Services commence
Understand that different capture technologies have fundamentally different accuracy capabilities
Accept that Matterport and similar visualization technologies are NOT suitable for precision measurement applications
Verify that the proposed methodology and accuracy band are suitable for intended purpose
Request upgraded capture technology (e.g., laser scanning instead of photogrammetry) where higher accuracy is essential

E) Thermal Imaging (Handheld and UAV-mounted systems)

Equipment Specifications:

Handheld Thermal Cameras: Professional-grade thermal imaging cameras (FLIR, Seek Thermal, or equivalent)
Drone-Mounted Thermal: DJI Mavic 3 Thermal (M3T/M4T) or equivalent UAV platforms with integrated radiometric thermal sensors

Temperature Measurement Accuracy:

Handheld Thermal Cameras:

Typical Accuracy: ±2°C or ±2% of reading (whichever is greater) under controlled conditions
Calibrated Performance: ±1-1.5°C achievable with proper emissivity settings and reference calibration
Thermal Sensitivity (NETD): Typically, <50mK (0.05°C) allowing detection of subtle temperature differences
Measurement Range: -20°C to +400°C typical, up to +650°C for specialized applications
Effective Working Distance: 0.3m to 30m optimal, with accuracy degrading beyond 30m

Drone-Mounted Thermal (DJI M3T/M4T):

Typical Accuracy: ±2°C or ±2% of reading within calibrated temperature range
Radiometric Capability: Full radiometric thermal data captured (temperature value per pixel)
Thermal Resolution: 640×512 pixels (M3T/M4T radiometric sensor)
Temperature Range: -20°C to +150°C for building/infrastructure applications; up to +500°C with specialized calibration
Measurement Distance: 5m to 50m optimal altitude for building surveys, accuracy degrades beyond 60m
Area Coverage: Efficient for large-scale thermal surveys (roof inspections, solar farms, building facades)

Thermal Imaging Methodology:

Thermal imaging accuracy is fundamentally dependent on:

Emissivity Settings: Different materials emit thermal radiation differently. Emissivity values must be set correctly for the target material
Atmospheric Conditions: Temperature, humidity, and distance affect thermal radiation transmission. Measurements are most accurate at distances <30m for handheld, <50m for drone.
Reflected Temperature: Shiny or reflective surfaces can reflect thermal radiation from other sources (sun, sky, nearby hot objects), giving false readings.
Environmental Factors:

Direct sunlight creates solar loading effects (surface appears hotter than actual structural temperature)
Wind affects surface temperature through convective cooling
Rain or moisture dramatically affects thermal readings
Optimal survey conditions: overcast or early morning/late afternoon, dry conditions, minimal wind

Appropriate Applications:

Building Surveys & Energy Efficiency:

Thermal envelope assessment and insulation defect detection
Air leakage identification through thermal signature analysis
Moisture ingress detection and water damage investigation
Heating system performance evaluation
Thermal bridge identification
Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) supporting evidence

Building Fabric Surveys:

Roof moisture surveys and leak detection
Render/cladding delamination detection
Structural defect investigation
Post-construction thermal performance verification

Large-Scale Asset Surveys (Drone Thermal):

Building facade thermal surveys for large/tall structures
Solar farm inspections (panel efficiency, hotspot detection)
District heating network leak detection
Large roof surveys and condition assessment
Industrial facility thermal mapping

NOT Suitable For:

Quantitative Heat Loss Calculations: Thermal imaging identifies defects but does NOT provide U-value measurements or quantified heat loss rates – these require additional testing (heat flux measurements, air pressure testing)
Cavity Wall Insulation Verification: Cannot definitively prove presence/absence of cavity insulation – only indicates thermal performance differences
Fire Temperature Measurement: Without high-temperature calibration, readings above 150°C (standard range) are unreliable
Sub-Surface Defect Detection: Limited penetration depth – typically only detects surface or near-surface thermal anomalies
Precise Temperature Measurement: For applications requiring ±0.5°C accuracy or better, contact temperature measurement methods (thermocouples, RTDs) are required

Deliverables and Reporting:

Standard Thermal Survey Deliverables:

Radiometric thermal images (full temperature data retained, allowing post-processing analysis)
Visual reference images for spatial context
Thermal anomaly annotations and severity classification
Temperature spot measurements and thermal ranges
Thermal survey report with findings and analysis
Thermal orthomosaics (for drone large-area surveys)

Analysis and Interpretation:

Thermal images are interpreted by SWAS personnel with understanding of building physics and thermal behaviour
Temperature differences are analysed in context of environmental conditions, building construction, and survey objectives
Findings are classified by severity and likely causation
Recommendations provided for further investigation where appropriate

Accuracy Limitations and Disclaimers:

Temperature Measurement Accuracy:

Stated accuracy of ±2°C or ±2% applies under controlled conditions with correct emissivity settings
Actual measurement uncertainty may be greater due to: unknown/variable emissivity, reflective surfaces, atmospheric attenuation, environmental conditions
For critical applications requiring verified temperature measurement, contact measurement methods should be used to validate thermal imaging findings

Qualitative vs Quantitative:

Thermal imaging excels at identifying relative temperature differences and thermal anomalies
Absolute temperature measurements should be treated as indicative unless validated against reference measurements
SWAS provides thermal pattern analysis and defect identification rather than certified temperature calibration

Environmental Dependency:

Thermal surveys require appropriate environmental conditions (thermal differential between inside/outside, dry conditions, stable weather)
Survey timing is critical – building heating operational for fabric surveys, surveys conducted during thermal stabilization periods
Unsuitable conditions may require survey rescheduling at no additional cost

Interpretation Limitations:

Thermal imaging identifies thermal anomalies but does NOT definitively diagnose root causes
Further investigation (destructive testing, moisture meters, borescopes) may be required to confirm findings
SWAS provides expert interpretation but cannot guarantee findings without invasive verification

Material and Surface Constraints:

Highly reflective metal surfaces (polished aluminium, stainless steel) are problematic for thermal imaging
Glass and other IR-transparent/reflective materials may give misleading readings
Thick masonry or dense construction may mask underlying defects
Surface coatings, paint, and finishes affect thermal emissivity

Liability Limitations for Thermal Imaging:

No liability for thermal imaging accuracy extends beyond:

Temperature measurement accuracy of ±2°C or ±2% under appropriate survey conditions with appropriate emissivity settings
Qualitative thermal pattern identification – SWAS identifies thermal anomalies visible under prevailing survey conditions
Environmental limitations – No liability if environmental conditions (weather, building heating status, surface moisture) prevent accurate thermal imaging
Sub-surface defects – Thermal imaging detects surface thermal patterns only; concealed defects may not be thermally visible
Root cause diagnosis – Thermal anomalies indicate potential defects; invasive investigation may be required for definitive diagnosis

Customer Responsibilities for Thermal Surveys:

The Customer must, where practical or possible:

Ensure building heating systems are operational for appropriate period before thermal fabric surveys (typically 24-48 hours steady operation)
Provide access to internal spaces where internal thermal imaging is required
Accept that weather-dependent rescheduling may be necessary for optimal survey conditions
Understand that thermal imaging identifies thermal patterns and anomalies, not definitive defect diagnosis
Commission further invasive investigation where root cause verification is required
Not use thermal survey findings as sole basis for building defect legal claims without additional corroborating evidence

Combined Thermal and Visual/Dimensional Surveys:

When thermal imaging is combined with photogrammetry, laser scanning, or other capture methods, the accuracy specifications for each technology apply independently. Thermal data provides temperature distribution analysis; dimensional data provides spatial/geometric accuracy. Integration of thermal and dimensional data creates comprehensive building assessment deliverables.

Accuracy Upgrades: If during or after Services the Customer determines that higher accuracy is required than originally specified, SWAS may provide additional Services (e.g., upgraded capture technology, additional GCPs, enhanced processing) subject to additional fees and scheduling availability. SWAS is not liable for costs arising from the Customer’s failure to specify appropriate accuracy requirements initially.

Additional Information

Further technical details regarding RICS accuracy bands, capture methodologies, and quality assurance procedures are available on request.

For projects with critical accuracy requirements, SWAS recommends a pre-project consultation to discuss methodology, achievable accuracy, and verification procedures.

Confidential Information

In the event the Order is cancelled by either party, each party must return to the other party all confidential information and documentation owned by that other party. Confidential information transferred between the parties for the provision of the Services shall only be used for its intended purpose. The parties may disclose Confidential information if required by law, they have been given written consent or during legal proceedings relating to the provision of the Goods and/or Services. All clauses above survive the termination of this agreement.

Dispute Resolution

The parties agree to attempt resolution of any disputes through good faith negotiation for 30 days before commencing legal proceedings. For disputes under £10,000, the parties agree to consider binding arbitration as an alternative to court proceedings.

Force Majeure

Neither party will be liable for inadequate performance to the extent caused by a condition (for example, natural disaster, act of war or terrorism, riot, labour condition, governmental action, and Internet disturbance) that was beyond the party’s reasonable control.

Terms Updates

SWAS reserves the right to update these Conditions with reasonable notice to existing customers. Updated terms will apply to new Orders placed after the notification date. Current terms are available at www.inviewassets.co.uk.

General

SWAS will not be held responsible for failure or delay in carrying out the services due in whole or in part to any circumstances whatsoever beyond its reasonable control. No delay by SWAS in enforcing any right in respect of any breach of these Conditions by You shall constitute a waiver of such right.

If any term of these Conditions is unenforceable, such unenforceability shall not affect the enforceability of the remainder of the terms in these Conditions. These Conditions constitute the entire agreement between both parties. You acknowledge that You have not relied on any oral or written representations or statements not contained in these Conditions. These Conditions are subject to English law and to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of England and Wales.

Document Version: 2.2
Last Updated: March 2026

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